Table 3–3. Indications for prophylactic perioperative β-blockade

Strong indications ----

Patient already taking β-blocker to treat ischemia, arrhythmia, or hypertension

Possible indications ----

Patients with coronary artery disease undergoing vascular or other major surgery

Patient with multiple clinical predictors (heart failure, chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, or Acerebrovascular disease) undergoing vascular or other major surgery

The dose of β-blocker should be carefully titrated to keep heart rate < 70 bpm and systolic blood pressure > 100 mm Hg.