Preoperative Evaluation & Periope rative Management Table 3–4.

Table 3–4. Clinical risk factors for postoperative pulmonary complications.

Upper abdominal or cardiothoracic surgery
Prolonged anesthesia time (> 4 hours)
Age > 60 years
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Congestive heart failure
Tobacco use (> 20 pack-years)
Impaired cognition or sensorium
Functional dependency or prior stroke
Morbid obesity
Low serum albumin level
Obstructive sleep apnea